In the modern breeding production mode, the scale of intensive production is getting larger and wider, and it is widely promoted and applied. While increasing the company's ability to resist risks, there are also major safety hazards. Intensive production has very high requirements on the company's feeding and management level. In the feeding process, once acute stress occurs, it will cause irreversible serious economic losses and seriously reduce chicken production efficiency. The study of reducing heat stress by adding vitamins to feeding is based on large-scale farming, which is easy to implement on a large scale and improves production efficiency. Vitamins can alleviate and control heat stress. In addition, vitamins are essential nutrients for the body and participate in various physiological activities in the body. This article starts with the hazards of heat stress to illustrate the application of vitamins in the actual production of poultry.
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The concept of heat stress and its harm to the body.
Heat stress refers to the sum of non-specific reactions produced by chickens in an unsuitable heat environment. Heat stress is a kind of stress source. The occurrence of heat stress can change the growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and various physiological activities of chickens, which seriously limits the development of chicken industry. During the feeding process, there are many reasons for heat stress, such as the temperature of the feeding environment is too high, the humidity in the air is too high, the wind speed is too slow, and the stocking density is too high.
In livestock and poultry production, heat stress has a great negative impact on chicken production. If the temperature is too high, chickens will experience decreased feed intake, decreased gastrointestinal motility, dyspnea, and reduced exercise, thereby reducing the production performance of the reared animals. Due to the high body temperature of chickens, strong metabolism and no physiological characteristics such as sweat glands in the skin, heat stress is particularly obvious among many stresses, which is more harmful to chicken production activities.
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Application of vitamins in poultry production
2.1 Application of vitamin A in poultry production
Vitamin A plays a very important role in chicks, mainly in the development of skin, bones and reproductive functions, and also has a significant impact on vision and antioxidant functions. Lack of vitamin A can also lead to impaired vision of poultry, dry eye syndrome, night blindness and other phenomena, appropriate vitamin A supplementation can improve the body's antioxidant capacity. According to Ma Dongmei's research and investigation, it is shown that in the absence of vitamin A, the immune organs of poultry will be damaged to a large extent, especially in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and long-term feeding will lead to significant weight loss of organs. At the same time, the lack of vitamin A will destroy the mucosal barrier, which will destroy the local specific immune function. In the production process, when the respiratory tract and intestinal tract of chickens are in danger, adding vitamin A to the feed in time can treat the problems of the respiratory tract and digestive tract mucosa in time. 2.2 The application of vitamin D in poultry production There are many kinds of vitamin D, mainly in the liver of fish with the highest content, which is mainly produced by the cholesterol in the animal body through the sun. Because the chicken has a lot of hair, it is difficult to produce in the
body
Sufficient vitamin D must be supplemented through feed. The presence of vitamin D also promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, promotes bone calcification during the production process, and improves the egg production rate and eggshell quality of laying hens.
2.3 Application of vitamin C in poultry production
Vitamin C is also called ascorbic acid, which is a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin C is widely used in production. In the feeding process, if the chickens are deficient in vitamin C, it will lead to scurvy in the chickens, which will reduce the detoxification and anti-stress ability of the animals. According to investigations and studies, it is found that in the feeding stage of chicks, adding vitamin C to the feed can effectively increase the feed intake of chicks, increase daily gain and reduce mortality. In the environment of high temperature and high humidity in summer, adding vitamin C to water can alleviate the adverse reactions caused by heat stress and effectively reduce the casualties of chicks. In the laying season of laying hens, adding vitamin C to the feed can increase the laying performance of laying hens, increase the immunity and epidemic prevention ability of laying hens, and increase the service life of laying hens.
2.4 Application of vitamin E in poultry production
Vitamin E acts as an intracellular antioxidant and is an essential micronutrient during animal growth. Vitamin E has many functions, such as anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-cancer and reducing heat response, improving the immune function of the body and improving the disease resistance of chickens. It also has a synergistic effect when fed together with other vitamin additives in the feed .
Vitamin E is a kind of nutritional vitamin that must be obtained from diet because it cannot be synthesized in animals. Vitamin E mainly acts as an oxidation pathway in animals by blocking the reaction chain of fat oxidation. The antioxidant function of vitamin E can be replaced by vitamin C in the production process, which can block the form of peroxide in the cell membrane, thereby maintaining the integrity of the structure and function of the cell membrane, thereby improving the production performance and meat quality of chickens, and maintaining the resistance to diseases. It has strong defense capabilities against harsh environments. In addition, vitamin E helps to improve the reproductive capacity of poultry and is an essential nutrient for poultry to maintain growth and development. Vitamin E is mainly accomplished by promoting the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland, thereby improving and maintaining reproductive performance. In the process of livestock and poultry production, if encountering cold and heat stress, adding vitamin E to the feed can effectively slow down the response of chickens to stress, increase the resistance of chickens to harsh environments, and reduce mortality and diseases happened.
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Different nutritional control measures
In order to alleviate the heat stress of poultry in poultry production, in addition to physical cooling, lowering the stocking density, and adding vitamins to the feed to reduce the heat stress of poultry, it is also possible to adjust the physiological balance of poultry through nutritional regulation, etc. Poultry formulate a scientific and effective nutrient level of feed to meet the production needs of poultry, thereby reducing the harm of heat stress and promoting the healthy growth of poultry.
3.1 Adjust the energy level in the diet
Adjusting the energy level in the diet can effectively reduce the occurrence of heat stress in poultry. Heat stress occurs in poultry, its feed intake will decrease, and the body's energy intake will be insufficient. The occurrence of heat stress seriously reduces the growth and development speed of poultry and delays the normal production of poultry. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably adjust the energy level in the diet to effectively reduce the occurrence of heat stress in poultry. Carbohydrates will generate more body heat during poultry production and aggravate the occurrence of heat stress. Therefore, in summer, the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet should be reduced, and more fat can be used instead of carbohydrates. Fat not only has the effect of changing feed Palatability, prolonging the residence time of feed in the digestive tract, can also improve the feed intake and digestibility of chickens.
3.2 Reasonable protein and amino acid addition in feed
Heat stress in summer will lead to reduced feed intake of poultry, lower protein digestion and utilization rate, and serious protein intake deficiency, unable to meet normal growth and development needs. However, the heat increase consumption of protein is very high, and the level of high-protein diet will aggravate the occurrence of stress response. Therefore, under the condition of summer heat stress, it is necessary to select high-quality protein raw materials with high digestion and utilization rate, and at the same time supplement essential amino acids to meet the requirements of poultry. According to the production needs of poultry, adding essential amino acids to poultry can effectively reduce the burden of heat stress on the damaged intestinal tract and ensure the balance of amino acids in the poultry body.
3.3 Adding Chinese herbal medicine additives to feed
With the deepening of research on Chinese herbal medicines, it has been found that Chinese herbal medicines can effectively reduce the occurrence of heat stress in poultry. In addition, adding Chinese herbal medicine additives to feed has many advantages. It has obvious effects and has little side effects on animals. It has comprehensive functions, is environmentally friendly, and has no pollution to the environment. Chinese herbal medicines have broad application prospects in poultry production and will become an inevitable trend. At present, Chinese herbal medicine anti-heat stress additives added to feed mainly include Scutellaria chinensis, lotus leaves, light bamboo leaves, Ageratum etc.
3.4 Rational addition of trace elements and minerals in feed
Reasonable addition of trace elements in feed plays an important role in regulating endocrine and immune functions of the body. Add minerals to the feed to ensure an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the animal body. You can choose to add stone powder to the feed to meet the normal growth and development needs of poultry. According to the different stages of poultry growth and development, a reasonable and feasible feeding plan should be formulated.
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Summary
Vitamins are more and more widely used in livestock and poultry production. While feeding large amounts, we need to pay more attention to prevent vitamin poisoning. In the process of feeding and management, it is also possible to reduce the occurrence of heat stress in poultry by adding different energy levels, amino acids and proteins, minerals and trace elements, and Chinese herbal medicine preparations to the feed. The occurrence of heat stress in poultry production, hoping to provide reference for poultry industry workers.
