IEMs are widely used in several industrial processes, particularly in the field of water treatment. For example, they are used to remove impurities and contaminants from water, to soften hard water, to remove excess ions from saltwater, and to desalinate seawater. In these processes, the Ion Exchange Membrane is placed between two compartments that contain the water to be treated and the regenerating solution, which is used to remove impurities from the ion exchange sites. The ion exchange process occurs when the water flows through the membrane and the exchange sites swap ions with the water molecules. The impurities and contaminants are left behind on the ion exchange sites, and the water that passes through the membrane is purified.
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