With water, nitric acid produces an azeotrop with a concentration of 68 weight percent and a boiling point of 122 degrees Celsius at atmospheric pressure. Sulfuric acid is the best choice for an extracting agent when trying to get rid of an aqueous azeotrope. Concentrated Nitric Acid is liquid across the whole operational temperature range and is easily separated from water and nitric acid, making it easier to operate, start up, and shut down a plant. The azeotrope disappears above a sulfuric acid concentration of 50%, as seen in the diagram below. Nitric acid should be pre-concentrated to reduce the amount of work required to recycle the diluted sulfuric acid.
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