Growth hormone induces the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate and collagen, as well as the excretion of hydroxyproline in the urine. It has almost no effect on serum calcium levels. Although there is increased calcium output in the urine, calcium absorption from the gut is also increased. Growth hormone has been demonstrated to improve various nutritional indicators in end-stage renal illness, including increases in serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), serum albumin, and transferrin, as well as a decrease in blood urea nitrogen.
Growth hormone's metabolic effects are induced by an increase in insulin-like growth factor-I. Growth hormone, in general, causes cells to enter an anabolic protein state, with increased amino acid intake, protein synthesis, and decreased protein catabolism. Larger dosages of Somatropin growth hormone have a well-documented diabetogenic effect: somatotropin antagonises insulin activity in vivo, resulting in insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. It stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver and kidney 4 while suppressing glucose absorption in adipose tissue.
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