Through its afferent and efferent pathways, the Vagus Nerve Stimulators, a significant part of the autonomic nervous system, regulates metabolic homeostasis and is crucial for the neuroendocrine-immune axis, which helps to maintain homeostasis. Any technique that stimulates the vagus nerve, whether manually or electrically, is referred to as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Treatment-resistant depression and refractory epilepsy are both accepted indications for left cervical VNS. Preclinical research and a phase II clinical trial both demonstrate the efficacy of right cervical VNS in the treatment of heart failure. Beyond small pilot studies, the efficacy of different non-invasive transcutaneous VNS modalities for epilepsy, depression, primary headaches, and other conditions has not been examined.
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