A field of electrical charge is used in the electrokinetic process of electrophoresis to separate charged particles in a fluid. Depending on the nature and size of the molecules, it can be accomplished using a variety of techniques. In the biological sciences, it is most frequently employed to separate DNA or protein molecules. While the processes vary in certain aspects, they all require an electrical charge source, a support medium, and a buffer solution. Electrophoresis is used in laboratories for the separation of molecules depending on size, density and purity.
When molecules are exposed to an electric field, a force acts upon them since the molecules are electrically charged themselves. The electrical field exerts more force on molecules with higher charges, which causes them to travel through support media at a distance proportional to their mass. Applications of Electrophoresis in medicine include protein electrophoresis, which is used to examine and separate the molecules present in a fluid sample, DNA and RNA analysis, among others (most commonly blood and urine samples).
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