The role of the oral microbiome in dental health is becoming increasingly recognised. Data from human oral microbiology research show that a commensal microflora can transform into an opportunistic pathogenic flora due to complex environmental changes. The host, not the bacteria, is responsible for these changes. Archeological evidence of calcified dental plaque reveals significant shifts in the oral microbiome toward a disease-associated microbiome during the Industrial Revolution, with cariogenic bacteria becoming dominant. Oral Care microbiota are far less diverse than those found in historical populations. Caries, for example, has become a major endemic disease, affecting 60-90 percent of schoolchildren in developed countries. Dental caries and periodontal diseases, on the other hand, were uncommon in pre-Neolithic and early hominins.
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